我们研究逆增强学习（IRL）和模仿学习（IM），这是从专家所证明的轨迹中恢复奖励或政策功能的问题。我们提出了一种新的方法来通过在最大的熵框架中添加权重功能来改善学习过程，并具有学习和恢复专家政策的随机性（或有限理性）的动机。我们的框架和算法允许学习奖励（或政策）功能以及添加到马尔可夫决策过程中的熵条款的结构，从而增强了学习过程。我们使用人类和模拟演示以及通过离散和连续的IRL/IM任务进行的数值实验表明，我们的方法表现优于先前的算法。

由熵正常化的马尔可夫决策过程（ER-MDP）产生的随机和软最佳政策是可取的探索和仿制学习应用程序的可取性。这种策略对国家过渡概率敏感的事实，并且这些概率的估计可能不准确，我们研究了ER-MDP模型的强大版本，其中随机最佳策略需要坚固尊重潜在的过渡概率中的歧义。我们的工作是加固学习（RL）的两个重要计划的十字路口，即强大的MDP和熵正则化MDP。我们表明，持有非强大的ER-MDP和强大的未反复化MDP型号的基本属性也在我们的设置中保持，使得强大的ER-MDP问题是易旧的。我们展示了我们的框架和结果如何集成到包括值或（修改）策略迭代的不同算法方案中，这将导致新的鲁棒RL和逆RL算法来处理不确定性。还提供了在传统的不确定性设置下计算复杂性和误差传播的分析。

我们研究了本文的矩阵完成问题。频谱缩放学生的利用是利用数据矩阵的底层低级结构。我们通过Pac-Bayesian界对我们的方法提供了彻底的理论调查。更准确地说，我们的Pac-Bayesian方法享有极限最佳的Oracle不平等，保证我们的方法在模型拼写和一般采样分布下运作良好。有趣的是，我们还通过使用Langevin Monte Carlo为我们的方法提供有效的基于梯度的采样实现。更具体地说，我们表明我们的算法明显比Gibbs采样器更快。为了说明我们推理策略的有吸引力的特征，对一些数值模拟进行了说明，并证明了对图像染色的应用。

在本文中，我们概括了单索引模型到持续学习的背景的问题，其中学习者用一系列任务挑战，每个任务的数据集以在线方式揭示。我们提出了一种随机策略，可以为每个任务学习所有任务的常见单索引（Meta-参数）和每个任务的特定链接函数。常见的单索允许将从先前任务中获得的信息转换为新的信息。我们通过对损失职能的不同假设证明一些遗憾的界限提供了对我们所提出的策略的严格理论分析。

The automated segmentation and tracking of macrophages during their migration are challenging tasks due to their dynamically changing shapes and motions. This paper proposes a new algorithm to achieve automatic cell tracking in time-lapse microscopy macrophage data. First, we design a segmentation method employing space-time filtering, local Otsu's thresholding, and the SUBSURF (subjective surface segmentation) method. Next, the partial trajectories for cells overlapping in the temporal direction are extracted in the segmented images. Finally, the extracted trajectories are linked by considering their direction of movement. The segmented images and the obtained trajectories from the proposed method are compared with those of the semi-automatic segmentation and manual tracking. The proposed tracking achieved 97.4% of accuracy for macrophage data under challenging situations, feeble fluorescent intensity, irregular shapes, and motion of macrophages. We expect that the automatically extracted trajectories of macrophages can provide pieces of evidence of how macrophages migrate depending on their polarization modes in the situation, such as during wound healing.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world, and early DR detection is necessary to prevent vision loss and support an appropriate treatment. In this work, we leverage interactive machine learning and introduce a joint learning framework, termed DRG-Net, to effectively learn both disease grading and multi-lesion segmentation. Our DRG-Net consists of two modules: (i) DRG-AI-System to classify DR Grading, localize lesion areas, and provide visual explanations; (ii) DRG-Expert-Interaction to receive feedback from user-expert and improve the DRG-AI-System. To deal with sparse data, we utilize transfer learning mechanisms to extract invariant feature representations by using Wasserstein distance and adversarial learning-based entropy minimization. Besides, we propose a novel attention strategy at both low- and high-level features to automatically select the most significant lesion information and provide explainable properties. In terms of human interaction, we further develop DRG-Net as a tool that enables expert users to correct the system's predictions, which may then be used to update the system as a whole. Moreover, thanks to the attention mechanism and loss functions constraint between lesion features and classification features, our approach can be robust given a certain level of noise in the feedback of users. We have benchmarked DRG-Net on the two largest DR datasets, i.e., IDRID and FGADR, and compared it to various state-of-the-art deep learning networks. In addition to outperforming other SOTA approaches, DRG-Net is effectively updated using user feedback, even in a weakly-supervised manner.

Research has shown that climate change creates warmer temperatures and drier conditions, leading to longer wildfire seasons and increased wildfire risks in the United States. These factors have in turn led to increases in the frequency, extent, and severity of wildfires in recent years. Given the danger posed by wildland fires to people, property, wildlife, and the environment, there is an urgency to provide tools for effective wildfire management. Early detection of wildfires is essential to minimizing potentially catastrophic destruction. In this paper, we present our work on integrating multiple data sources in SmokeyNet, a deep learning model using spatio-temporal information to detect smoke from wildland fires. Camera image data is integrated with weather sensor measurements and processed by SmokeyNet to create a multimodal wildland fire smoke detection system. We present our results comparing performance in terms of both accuracy and time-to-detection for multimodal data vs. a single data source. With a time-to-detection of only a few minutes, SmokeyNet can serve as an automated early notification system, providing a useful tool in the fight against destructive wildfires.

Real-time individual endpoint prediction has always been a challenging task but of great clinic utility for both patients and healthcare providers. With 6,879 chronic kidney disease stage 4 (CKD4) patients as a use case, we explored the feasibility and performance of gated recurrent units with decay that models Weibull probability density function (GRU-D-Weibull) as a semi-parametric longitudinal model for real-time individual endpoint prediction. GRU-D-Weibull has a maximum C-index of 0.77 at 4.3 years of follow-up, compared to 0.68 achieved by competing models. The L1-loss of GRU-D-Weibull is ~66% of XGB(AFT), ~60% of MTLR, and ~30% of AFT model at CKD4 index date. The average absolute L1-loss of GRU-D-Weibull is around one year, with a minimum of 40% Parkes serious error after index date. GRU-D-Weibull is not calibrated and significantly underestimates true survival probability. Feature importance tests indicate blood pressure becomes increasingly important during follow-up, while eGFR and blood albumin are less important. Most continuous features have non-linear/parabola impact on predicted survival time, and the results are generally consistent with existing knowledge. GRU-D-Weibull as a semi-parametric temporal model shows advantages in built-in parameterization of missing, native support for asynchronously arrived measurement, capability of output both probability and point estimates at arbitrary time point for arbitrary prediction horizon, improved discrimination and point estimate accuracy after incorporating newly arrived data. Further research on its performance with more comprehensive input features, in-process or post-process calibration are warranted to benefit CKD4 or alike terminally-ill patients.

In the field of multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA), a few studies have leveraged the inherent modality correlation information stored in samples for self-supervised learning. However, they feed the training pairs in a random order without consideration of difficulty. Without human annotation, the generated training pairs of self-supervised learning often contain noise. If noisy or hard pairs are used for training at the easy stage, the model might be stuck in bad local optimum. In this paper, we inject curriculum learning into weakly supervised modality correlation learning. The weakly supervised correlation learning leverages the label information to generate scores for negative pairs to learn a more discriminative embedding space, where negative pairs are defined as two unimodal embeddings from different samples. To assist the correlation learning, we feed the training pairs to the model according to difficulty by the proposed curriculum learning, which consists of elaborately designed scoring and feeding functions. The scoring function computes the difficulty of pairs using pre-trained and current correlation predictors, where the pairs with large losses are defined as hard pairs. Notably, the hardest pairs are discarded in our algorithm, which are assumed as noisy pairs. Moreover, the feeding function takes the difference of correlation losses as feedback to determine the feeding actions (`stay', `step back', or `step forward'). The proposed method reaches state-of-the-art performance on MSA.

With the recent advances in video and 3D understanding, novel 4D spatio-temporal challenges fusing both concepts have emerged. Towards this direction, the Ego4D Episodic Memory Benchmark proposed a task for Visual Queries with 3D Localization (VQ3D). Given an egocentric video clip and an image crop depicting a query object, the goal is to localize the 3D position of the center of that query object with respect to the camera pose of a query frame. Current methods tackle the problem of VQ3D by lifting the 2D localization results of the sister task Visual Queries with 2D Localization (VQ2D) into a 3D reconstruction. Yet, we point out that the low number of Queries with Poses (QwP) from previous VQ3D methods severally hinders their overall success rate and highlights the need for further effort in 3D modeling to tackle the VQ3D task. In this work, we formalize a pipeline that better entangles 3D multiview geometry with 2D object retrieval from egocentric videos. We estimate more robust camera poses, leading to more successful object queries and substantially improved VQ3D performance. In practice, our method reaches a top-1 overall success rate of 86.36% on the Ego4D Episodic Memory Benchmark VQ3D, a 10x improvement over the previous state-of-the-art. In addition, we provide a complete empirical study highlighting the remaining challenges in VQ3D.